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Laboratory

Optical research in our laboratory focuses on semiconducting layered materials, which include:
■ transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WS2, WSe2, ReSe2),
■ metal monochalcogenides(GaS, GaSe, GeS, InSe),
■ chromium trihalides (CrBr3, CrCl3, CrI3),
using a variety of optical microscopy techniques (diameter of the spot of excitation light on the order of single microns), such as:
■ Raman scattering (RS),
■ photoluminescence (PL),
■ photoluminescence excitation (PLE),
■ reflectance contrast (RC),
performed:
■ in the temperature range (4.2 K - 350 K),
■ in magnetic fields up to 17 T,
■ in the pressure range up to 100 GPa,
■ in the range of low excitation energies >10 cm-1 (RS).

The main component of the setup is the continuous-flow Cryovac Konti Micro cryostat used for measurements in the temperature range from liquid helium (4.2 K) to over 350 K, which is placed on a motorised table enabling automated spatial mapping of the measured signal space. The system is equipped with a set of Mitutoyo microscope objectives with various magnifications (100x, 50x, 20x, and 10x), providing measurements at microscale (excitation spot of about 1 µm2) and a set of optical elements for automated measurements with polarization resolution (half-wave plates, quarter-wave plates, and polarizers). Determination of the measurement location is ensured by illuminating the sample surface using a halogen lamp, the image of which is captured by a CCD camera.

Signal detection is provided by the Princeton Instruments SpectraPro HRS spectrometer with a length of 750 mm, equipped with a set of three diffraction gratings (300, 600, and 1800), ensuring measurements with varying spectral resolution tailored to the type of experiment conducted and the sample being measured. The spectrometer is coupled with the liquid nitrogen-cooled PyLoN eXcelon CCD camera, which has high sensitivity and a wide spectral range from visible light to near-infrared (400 nm - 1100 nm).

Excitation in the conducted experiments is provided by a set of lasers with the following wavelengths: 405 nm, 488 nm, 515 nm, 561 nm, 633 nm, 660 nm, and 785 nm, as well as a halogen lamp. Additionally, for spectral measurements with other wavelengths or in the case of photoluminescence excitation spectrum measurements, tuneable lasers with ranges of 575 nm - 625 nm, 620 nm - 670 nm, 700 nm - 860 nm, and a supercontinuum source with a tuneable spectral range (400 nm - 1000 nm) can be utilized.

The main component of the setup is the superconductiong Cryogenic magnet used for measurements in an external magnetic fields up to 17 T and over a wide temperature range (6 K - 300 K). The sample is placed in a specially designed probe with optical access and a set of Attocube piezo elements enables spatial mapping. The focusing of the excitation light as well as the collection of the signal is ensured by the Attocube microscope objective, which can operate at low temperatures and in magnetic fields, providing a excitation spot of about 1 µm2. A set of optical elements enables automated measurements with polarization resolution (half-wave plates, quarter-wave plates, and polarizers). The determination of the measurement location is ensured by illuminating the sample surface using a halogen lamp, the image of which is captured by a CCD camera.

Signal detection is provided by the Princeton Instruments SpectraPro HRS spectrometer with a length of 500 mm, equipped with a set of three diffraction gratings (300, 600, and 1800), ensuring measurements with varying spectral resolution tailored to the type of experiment conducted and the sample being measured. The spectrometer is coupled with the electrically-cooled PIXIS eXcelon CCD camera, which has high sensitivity and a wide spectral range from visible light to near-infrared (400 nm - 1100 nm).

Excitation in the conducted experiments is provided by a set of lasers with the following wavelengths: 405 nm, 488 nm, 515 nm, 561 nm, 633 nm, 660 nm, and 785 nm, as well as a halogen lamp. Additionally, for spectral measurements with other wavelengths or in the case of photoluminescence excitation spectrum measurements, tuneable lasers with ranges of 575 nm - 625 nm, 620 nm - 670 nm, 700 nm - 860 nm, and a supercontinuum source with a tuneable spectral range (400 nm - 1000 nm) can be utilized.

The automated setup is based on the HORIBA LabRAM HR spectrometer used for measurements at room temperature across a wide spectral range from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared. The sample is placed on a motorized table enabling automated mapping of the measured signal space. The setup is equipped with a set of microscope objectives of various magnifications, providing measurements from microscale (excitation spot of about 1 µm2). Determination of the measurement location is ensured by illuminating the sample surface using a halogen lamp, the image of which is captured by a CCD camera.

Signal detection is provided by the HORIBA LabRAM HR spectrometer with a length of 800 mm, equipped with a set of two diffraction gratings (300, 1800), ensuring measurements with varying spectral resolution tailored to the type of experiment conducted and the sample being measured. The spectrometer is coupled with the electrically-cooled Syncerity CCD camera with a spectral range of 200 nm to 1000 nm, and with the liquid nitrogen-cooled Symphony II InGaAs detector with a spectral range of 800 nm to 1600 nm.

Excitation in the conducted experiments is provided by a set of lasers with the following wavelengths: 325 nm, 473 nm, 532 nm, and 633 nm.

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